sheet no. 23

By the Name of ALLAH

Thorax

Thorax is the part of the body that extends from the root of the neck to the Diaphragm.
It has the following parts :
1-Skeleton which called (Thoracic cage)
2-Coverings which called (Thoracic wall) .
3-Toracic cavity And contents.
Thorax has inlet (Thoracic inlet) which is narrow and outlet(Thoracic outlet) which is wide covered by the Diaphragm that separates thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

*Thorax is convex at all sides.


Coverings
1-Skin
2-Superficial fascia
3-Deep fascia
4-Three layers of muscles (Three intercostal muscles)---->soft structure
5-Ribs--->hard structure
6-Pleura( الغشاء البلوري للرئة ) which is a serous membrane containing fibrous tissue and proteins , this membrane in cold conditions become loose so (you can not breath)Because this pleura is highly elastic but in cold conditions it descended so the nerves would be tight causing a severe pain and can not complete the respiration this called (pleurisy).


Thoracic cage
Consist of:

1-Sternum (anterior).
2- Twelve thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12) (posterior)
3-Twelve pairs of ribs on both sides.

**Sternum (breast bone) it is like a knife or more specifically like a dagger So it has three parts:
1-Handle (Manubrium)
2-Body.
3-Tip which called(Xiphoid process)
**The Sternum is a flat bone with spongy tissue .

Manubrium Articulates with the first Rib and a half of the second rib.

Body Articulates with half of the second rib to the seventh rib.

Xiphoid process It is a hyaline cartilage And ossified after the age of 40
And before this age it is cartilaginous

Sternal angle(angle of Louis)

-It is located between The manubrium and body, it is at rib two level
- It is a good clinical land mark That marks the followings:
1-Rib number two to count ribs .
2-Biforkation site ( منطقة انقسام) of trachea .
3-Aoartic arch.
4-Inter vertebral disk between T4 and T5.
*Body of the sternum located anterior to the heart so in C.P.R(Cardio pulmonary resuscitation) we compress the heart between sternum and vertebral column.


[Embryo notes for the last lecture]

*Gonia = off spring (ذريِِِة) .
*Zoon = life.
*testis are outside but they form in the posterior abdominal wall then migrated out, why? Because they will not do its function on the body temperature
* Immigrated testis called undescended testical
* primordial germ cells arrive testis in the fifth week and start to enlarge(multiply) themselves by mitosis.
*Spermatogonia stay in rest until puberty (in males) but oogonia in females stay in rest until (birth) .
*Type B cells are committed to continue the course (fertilization).
*Multiplication started before birth
*spermatogonia and spermatocytes(1ry-2ry) are 2n the continue until they give 1n which is the sperm.
*Maturation begins at puberty.
*Spermatocyte cells are commited for formation of sperms
*Early spermatids are immature sperms.
*inactive=resting=dormantàlike dipluteen stage in females.
*spermatogonia type B is the which will continue the course.
*sex cords:àprimitive(without lumen)(before puberty)
àseminiferous(with lumen)(at puberty)


*some correction for sheet 22

1-Supplied by peronial artery , branch of posterior tibial artery
2-propulsive force by all muscles of the posterior comp. of the leg but the most powerful two are gastocnemius and musclessoleus
3- Tom has very nice doga and pigs >>>the muscles named from medially to laterally.





I want to dedicate this sheet to all my colleges in our faculty specially to those who are from al-ittihad school and they are:

Ahmad al-harahsha(captain), qusai al-azam(az az ya toto), yezan 3toom(wa7sh el-anatomy ), Ibrahim al-saeede(safe area!!) . mohammed al faqeeh , mohammed al tameme, abdallah tayem.
Ruba al-mohtaseb ,Do3a Al-jarah.Bayan al-khdoor ,Shatha al-attili ,Sondos al-khateeb , lama jamal , Rawan ghazal, Suzan mbaydeen , Rawan saleh,ro2a sameeh , 2la2 hijazee , Do3a abu jam3.

And to those who are special to me :

Adnan el-3aref(cute skalamboooo) , mo2men kahaleh , zaid malhees (el za3eem) , hazem abu 3sabeh , Omar el-haj omar, Yazeed al-neef(my heart),***Mo2ayad kettaneh***
Ma2moon shaban (snow white) , ahmad abu-halaweh.

And to those whom I Knew them in the university:

Sawsan tabaza , jeelan ,Dana mel7em, wa3d swaylmeen ,Fadi halsa ,Sali salman, mohammed ryalat ,mohammed qtayshat , mokhtaar,mo0hammed bader . mohammed abu haneh , ayham. ,waseem , shaker ,.

And please forgive me those whom I forgot .

Your college Ahmed abu-khadigh

Special thanks to my brother yezan 3toom

A lot thanks to our brilliant doctor :Dr. maher al-hadidi