It takes 72 muscles to frown and only 14 to SMILE :)
Lateral Compartment of the leg:
- Located lateral to Fibula.
- Contains 2 muscles:
1. Peroneus longus.
2. Peroneus brevis.
Both of them:
* originate from Fibula.
* innervated by Superficial Peroneal nerve.
* supplied by Peroneal artery; branch of Peroneal tibial artery.
* function as:
1) Plantar flexors of ankle joint.
2) Eversion (sole out; standing on medial edge of foot).
* pass behind lateral malleolus.
(1) Peroneus longus:
-Groove cuboid at lateral side of footà cross to the medial side to insert to 1MT and first cuniform.
-Insertion: base of 1st metatarsal bone, and medial cuniform.
(2) Peroneus brevis:
-Insertion: base of 5th metatarsal bone.
Posterior Compartment of the leg:
- Located behind tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane.
- Divided by deep transverse fascia into 2 layers.
A. Superficial layer:
Consists of 3 muscles:
1. Gastrocnemius.
2. Soleus.
3. Plantaris.
All of them:
- inserted into posterior surface of calcaneum, through calcaneal tendon.
- function as plantar flexors of the ankle joint.
- innervated by tibial nerve.
- supplied by posterior tibial artery.
- inserted into posterior surface of calcaneum, through calcaneal tendon.
- function as plantar flexors of the ankle joint.
- innervated by tibial nerve.
- supplied by posterior tibial artery.
(1) Gastrocnemius:
(Has 2 heads: medial and lateral).
-Origin: both heads from femur.
It forms calcaneal tendon, which is inserted into posterior surface of calcaneum.
-Action: plantar flexes the ankle joint. Besides, it gives the propulsive force while running or walking. (It is responsible for the position of standing on top of toes to initiate running in races, as a lever).
(2) Soleus {in Latin, means broad fish}:
-Action: - powerful plantar flexor.
- forms the main bulk of calcaneal tendon.
(3) Plantaris:
-Has small belly and long thin tendon.
-Origin: lateral condyle of femur.
-Action: plantar flexion of ankle joint, and flexion of knee joint.
B. Deep layer:
Consists of:
1. Tibialis posterior.
2. Flexor digitorum longus.
3. Flexor hallucis longus.
4. Popliteus.
- All originate from fibula, except Tibialis posterior.
- All pass behind medial malleolus.
-All innervated by tibial nerve
(1) Tibialis posterior:
-Origin: tibia.
-Insertion: into 8 bones, mainly tubrosity of navicular bone. Also to cuboid, all cuniforms, and the bases of 2nd,3rd, and 4th metatarsals.
-Action: plantar flexion, and inversion.
(2) Flexor digitorum longus:
-Gives 4 tendons to the lateral 4 toes.
-Insertion: distal phalanges of the lateral 4 toes.
-Action: plantar flexes the ankle joint, and flexes the lateral 4 toes.
(3) Flexor hallucis longus:
-Action: plantar flexes the ankle joint, and flexes the big toe.
(4) Popliteus:
Action: flexes the knee joint, and Unlocks the knee joint.
*** At the ankle joint:
- Anterior to lateral malleolus: "Tom Has Very Nice Dogs and Pigs" …
~Tom for Tibialis anterior.
~ Has for extensor hallucis longus.
~ Very for anterior tibial vessels.
~ Nice for deep Peroneal nerve.
~ Dogs for extensor digitorum longus.
~ Pigs for Peroneus tertius.
- Posterior to lateral malleolus: Peroneus longus and Peroneus brevis.
- Anterior to medial malleolus: great saphenous vein and saphenous nerve.
- Posterior to medial malleolus: "Tom Does Very Nice Hat" …
~ Tom for Tibialis posterior.
~ Does for flexor digitorum longus.
~ Very for posterior tibial vessels.
~ Nice for tibial nerve.
~ Hat for flexor hallucis longus.
Popliteal Artery:
. Starts at the adductor opening.
. Ends at lower border of Popliteus. There it divides into:
1) Anterior tibial artery: short and small, supplies the anterior compartment.
2) Posterior tibial artery: long and large, gives a branch called peroneal artery, which supplies the lateral compartment. Then posterior tibial artery continues to supply all posterior compartment, accompanied by tibial nerve, then descends to supply the sole of foot (inferior surface of the foot).
NOTES:
- There are:
* 2 invertors of the ankle joint: Tibialis anterior and Tibialis posterior.
* 3 evertors of the ankle joint: Peroneus longus, brevis, and tertius.
- Foot has 3 arches forming a capital a (A):
1. Medial longitudinal arch, supported by Tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior.
2. Lateral longitudinal arch.
3. Transverse arch, horizontal (formed by cuboid and cuniforms, with the tendon of Peroneus longus passing over {this tendon strengthens the arch}).
* Medial and lateral longitudinal arches meet at a point at the apex of letter A, positioned precisely on the inferior surface of calcaneum.
- All muscles of the leg cross 1 joint except 2: Gastrocnemius, and Plantaris.
- All muscles of the leg originate from fibula, except: tibialis anterior and posterior from tibia, Gastrocnemius and Plantaris from femur.
- About muscles of lateral and anterior compartments:
1) First of both inserted into 1st metatarsal bone + medial cuniforms:
[ Peroneus longus & Tibialis anterior (both elevate the arches of foot) ].
2) Last of both inserted into 5th metatarsal bone:
[ Peroneus brevis & Peroneus tertius ].
- Do you remember the law of muscles?! And how Sartorius was an exception. Here are another 2 exceptions … PLANTARIS and GASTROCNEMIUS!! (Despite crossing 2 joints: knee and ankle, they flex both.
- Like Palmaris longus, Plantaris, is sometimes missing. It is considered to be a spare part, used for tendon transplantation.
- All anterior compartment muscles dorsi flex (extend) the ankle joint.
All posterior compartment muscles plantar flex (flex) the ankle joint.
(Notice the difference between anterior and posterior compartments of both leg and forearm: anterior compartment muscles are flexors of the forearm, extensors of the leg. While posterior compartment muscles are extensors of the forearm, and flexors of the leg).
1) First of both inserted into 1st metatarsal bone + medial cuniforms:
[ Peroneus longus & Tibialis anterior (both elevate the arches of foot) ].
2) Last of both inserted into 5th metatarsal bone:
[ Peroneus brevis & Peroneus tertius ].
- Do you remember the law of muscles?! And how Sartorius was an exception. Here are another 2 exceptions … PLANTARIS and GASTROCNEMIUS!! (Despite crossing 2 joints: knee and ankle, they flex both.
- Like Palmaris longus, Plantaris, is sometimes missing. It is considered to be a spare part, used for tendon transplantation.
- All anterior compartment muscles dorsi flex (extend) the ankle joint.
All posterior compartment muscles plantar flex (flex) the ankle joint.
(Notice the difference between anterior and posterior compartments of both leg and forearm: anterior compartment muscles are flexors of the forearm, extensors of the leg. While posterior compartment muscles are extensors of the forearm, and flexors of the leg).
{Happiness is like a butterfly: the more you chase it, the more it will elude you, but if you turn your attention to other things, it will come and sit softly on your shoulder :D}
Ruba Almohtasib, Sawsan Tabaza...
We'd like to dedicate this sheet to:
Sondos alkhateeb (Xtra ketchup :D), Lama Jamal (302bal kol shi min doon 7aqebeh!), Haneen Shraydeh, Aya bani-kenanah, Samar Alrahmeh, Nisreen abu-osbeh, Dania Dahmash, Shatha Atteli, Amal Alhelo, Rasha Husain (7bebi ma azkah :D), Sonbol, Ruba Halaseh, Najd Alquraan (JTV.. sat 6:15pm :p), Aseel Alsayid ( no comment!!), Waed Swaylmeen, Jameleh, Zain, Suzan Mbaydeen, Rawan Ghazal, Rawan Salah, Duaa Tawfeeq ..
Special thanks for: yezan 3toom.
Corrections :
***about muscles of the lateral compartment both of them are supplied by peroneal artery; branch of POSTERIOR tibial artery !
***an addtion for the point saying (at the ankle joint): ALL ARRANGEMENTS at the ankle joint are from MEDIAL TO LATERAL ..* Muscles of the superficial layer of the the posterior compartment of the leg ALL INSERT into the poterior surface of calcaneum BUT not all through the calcaneal tendon; only gastrocnemius and soleus, plantaris has its tendon alone.
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