.gif)
Wednesday, May 7, 2008
sheet no.34
At ovulation (day 14) the secondary oocyte usually come from the ovary due to the effect of surge (large amount) of luteinizing hormone, at that time it is ready for fertilization.
Each ovulated secondary oocyte at that time is covered by 2 layers :-
-outer layer (corona radiata) which is part of the follicular cells.
-inner layer (zona pellucida) a transparent layer which is produced by the outer follicular cells and composed of glycoprotein.
(the secondary oocyte is in 2nd meiotic stage)
Fertilization:
A process by which haploid male gamete fuse with female gamete to give single diploid nucleus.
Normally occurs 12-24 hours after ovulation while the ovum in the upper part of uterine tube.
N.B
(-only 300-500 sperms out of 300 million can reach ampulla where only one of these fertilize the oocyte
-the trip from cervix to oviduct needs 2-7 hours)
Arrived sperms are unable to fertilize oocyte except after 7 hours of conditioning in female genital tract for
1. capacitation: epithelial interaction between sperms and mucosa.
Only capacitated sperms can enter corona radiata and undergo acrosomal reaction
2. acrosome reaction:
Acrosome which is located at the head of sperm enter the ovum in 3 steps:
*penetration of corona radiata :( not all of sperms enter the corona radiata but only many of them enter) by entering the corona radiata, corona radiata will change interaction with other sperm
*penetration of the zona pellucida: the acrosome will secrete digestive enzyme locate in the acrosome which called acrosomal enzyme specially acrosin which is received by receptors on zona pellucida called ZP3 glycoprotein which act as sperm receptors that trigger acrosin to digest a path through zona pellucida.
*fusion of membranes: after gametes are contacted membranes of gametes fused, head and tail of the sperm penetrated into the cytoplasm
Oocyte response
1- cortical and zona reaction:-depolarization of oocyte membrane prevent poly spermy(entering of more than one sperm) -inactive ZP3
2-resumption of 2nd meiotic division: female pronucleus + 2nd polar body
3-meta bolic activation of oocyte
Result of fertilization:
1-restore diploid number of chromosomes
2-stimulate resuming 2nd meiotic division
3- determines the genetic sex of the new individual
4-initiates cleavage about 24 hours post-fertilization
After fertilization of secondary oocyte it will form female pronucleus and there will be a male pronucleus
Male pronucleus will approximate female and sharing same membrane and chromosome will intermediate (the DNA will duplicate) , then the 2 pronucleii fused forming onr membrane (one nucleus) with male and female chromosome which will aline at equator , then division will occur to give two-cell stage.
Morula: a ball of cells appearing from outside and (the number of cells is 16 at the early morula but it will become 32 at late marula) it will start entering the uterine tube.
At day 6 it will wander inside uterus
(N.B the uterus at that time is in secretary stage under control of progesterone)
When arrive this area the secretion will enter inside the marula
The fluid of uterine will enter between the marular cells separating it into:
-inner cell mass (Embryoblast) which give the embryo
-outer cell mass (trophoblast)
-cavity
At this stage the morula is ready for implantation.
To all my friends specially:
A7md 2bo-7lawe, yazeed al-naif, 5aled 7ajjir, mo2ayyad kettane ,yazeed qayseye, osama 5aleel, qusai al 3azzam, a7md 2bo 5deje, a7md al-shalabi,
Amjd 3yyash (el 8a2ed el ramz), 7amze jassar,m7md al faqeeh, 3omar el 7aj,
Yazan 3toom, nidal matani, m7md qteshat(mesh naseek ylle nasene), m7md sboo3, a7md 7ra7she, 9ohaib el 3badi, ibrahim 2bo deyye ,ibrahim el 93idi, hmmam ryalat, 7azem, m7md tyseer, sami 3abdeen, a7md el 3esa, 3bd el ra7man 3attili, mo3ath el zo3bi, martin qaqeesh, 3'aleb 5erfan, m7md bdr,
m7md 2bo haneye, zaid qandeel, 3amer 7jaj, 3omar el-lozi, mo2men k7aleh, m7md qawasmeh
w slam 5a9 la el shbab msh el 6eb:
Muhannad bdair(Hannood)
Wa2el 3lawne
Nusaiba el jalodi
3omar smrain
Special thanks to yazan 3toom
****With best wishes from
Ma2moun sha3ban
"don't limit your challenges ,but challenge your limits"
Each ovulated secondary oocyte at that time is covered by 2 layers :-
-outer layer (corona radiata) which is part of the follicular cells.
-inner layer (zona pellucida) a transparent layer which is produced by the outer follicular cells and composed of glycoprotein.
(the secondary oocyte is in 2nd meiotic stage)
Fertilization:
A process by which haploid male gamete fuse with female gamete to give single diploid nucleus.
Normally occurs 12-24 hours after ovulation while the ovum in the upper part of uterine tube.
N.B
(-only 300-500 sperms out of 300 million can reach ampulla where only one of these fertilize the oocyte
-the trip from cervix to oviduct needs 2-7 hours)
Arrived sperms are unable to fertilize oocyte except after 7 hours of conditioning in female genital tract for
1. capacitation: epithelial interaction between sperms and mucosa.
Only capacitated sperms can enter corona radiata and undergo acrosomal reaction
2. acrosome reaction:
Acrosome which is located at the head of sperm enter the ovum in 3 steps:
*penetration of corona radiata :( not all of sperms enter the corona radiata but only many of them enter) by entering the corona radiata, corona radiata will change interaction with other sperm
*penetration of the zona pellucida: the acrosome will secrete digestive enzyme locate in the acrosome which called acrosomal enzyme specially acrosin which is received by receptors on zona pellucida called ZP3 glycoprotein which act as sperm receptors that trigger acrosin to digest a path through zona pellucida.
*fusion of membranes: after gametes are contacted membranes of gametes fused, head and tail of the sperm penetrated into the cytoplasm
Oocyte response
1- cortical and zona reaction:-depolarization of oocyte membrane prevent poly spermy(entering of more than one sperm) -inactive ZP3
2-resumption of 2nd meiotic division: female pronucleus + 2nd polar body
3-meta bolic activation of oocyte
Result of fertilization:
1-restore diploid number of chromosomes
2-stimulate resuming 2nd meiotic division
3- determines the genetic sex of the new individual
4-initiates cleavage about 24 hours post-fertilization
After fertilization of secondary oocyte it will form female pronucleus and there will be a male pronucleus
Male pronucleus will approximate female and sharing same membrane and chromosome will intermediate (the DNA will duplicate) , then the 2 pronucleii fused forming onr membrane (one nucleus) with male and female chromosome which will aline at equator , then division will occur to give two-cell stage.
Morula: a ball of cells appearing from outside and (the number of cells is 16 at the early morula but it will become 32 at late marula) it will start entering the uterine tube.
At day 6 it will wander inside uterus
(N.B the uterus at that time is in secretary stage under control of progesterone)
When arrive this area the secretion will enter inside the marula
The fluid of uterine will enter between the marular cells separating it into:
-inner cell mass (Embryoblast) which give the embryo
-outer cell mass (trophoblast)
-cavity
At this stage the morula is ready for implantation.
To all my friends specially:
A7md 2bo-7lawe, yazeed al-naif, 5aled 7ajjir, mo2ayyad kettane ,yazeed qayseye, osama 5aleel, qusai al 3azzam, a7md 2bo 5deje, a7md al-shalabi,
Amjd 3yyash (el 8a2ed el ramz), 7amze jassar,m7md al faqeeh, 3omar el 7aj,
Yazan 3toom, nidal matani, m7md qteshat(mesh naseek ylle nasene), m7md sboo3, a7md 7ra7she, 9ohaib el 3badi, ibrahim 2bo deyye ,ibrahim el 93idi, hmmam ryalat, 7azem, m7md tyseer, sami 3abdeen, a7md el 3esa, 3bd el ra7man 3attili, mo3ath el zo3bi, martin qaqeesh, 3'aleb 5erfan, m7md bdr,
m7md 2bo haneye, zaid qandeel, 3amer 7jaj, 3omar el-lozi, mo2men k7aleh, m7md qawasmeh
w slam 5a9 la el shbab msh el 6eb:
Muhannad bdair(Hannood)
Wa2el 3lawne
Nusaiba el jalodi
3omar smrain
Special thanks to yazan 3toom
****With best wishes from
Ma2moun sha3ban
"don't limit your challenges ,but challenge your limits"
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
sheet no.33
Nerve Supply of The Anterior Abdominal Wall:
▪ Skin of the anterior abdominal wall supplied by lower six intercostals nerves ( T7- T12 ) and first lumbar ( L1 ).
▪ Umbalical level supplied by T10.
▪ Infrasternal angel supplied by T7.
▪ L1 supply the skin above inguinal ligament(commonly involved in acr accidents).
→ pain around umbilicus is carried through T10.
PERITONEUM
• a thin serrus complete membrane that lines the walls ( inner surface ) of the abdominal cavity and the abdominal organs either completely or partially.
• it divided into two layers:
parietal layer: lining inner surface(wall) of the abdominal cavity.
visceral layer: lining abdominal organs(viscera).
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
It is a potential space between the two layers, vacuumed ( no air, no pressure )
If anything collected there as air, blood or fluid,it becomes true space.
ABDOMINAL ORGANS
• organs covered completely by peritoneum are called intraperitonial organs, these organs are highly mobile.
e.g. small intestine.
• organs covered partially by peritoneum are called retroperitoneal organs, these organs have restricted mobility.
e.g. duodenum, kidney.
AORTA
- Abdominal aorta is the direct continuation of the thoracic aorta.
- begins at aortic opening in the diaphragm at the level of T12.
- it will end at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra ( L4 )[opposite to it] by dividing into right and left common iliac artery ( CIA ).
- it gives single branches and paired branches.
Single branches are three in number:
Celiac artery.
Superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ).
Inferior mesenteric artery ( IMA ).
Mesentery: double layer of peritoneum containing arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of a specific organ.-->hilum.
Gastrointestinal System ( GIS )
It divided into:
GI tube: extending from mouth to anus.
Accessory glands: like salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
*Tube is divided into three parts(thirds):
Proximal part called FOREGUT.
Mid part called MIDGUT.
Distal part called HINDGUT.
-Each of them compose of number of organs.
▪ Foregut is supplied by celiac artery.
▪ Midgut is supplied by superior mesenteric artery.
▪ Hindgut is supplied by inferior mesenteric artery.
Esophagus
A muscular tube about 10 inches in length= 25 cm, extending from distal(lower) end of pharynx to the cardiac opening of stomach.
It is passing in three regions: neck, thorax and abdomen so it has three parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal.
Each region is responsible about arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of the part passing through it.
I want to dedicate this sheet to my friends:
Samar Alrahmeh ( wallah tobeh ☺), Amal Alhelo ( meloloppa ), Aya Bani kenana, Sawsan Tabaza, Ruba Almohtasib, Sondos Alkhateeb, Lama Jamal, Hiba Abu khairan, Rawan Alrajaby, Lubna Salameh, Rawan Ghazal, Rasha Jabra, Alaa Abd Alraouf, Doaa Abu jamea, Bayan khdoor, Rawan Saleh, Najd, Doaa Tawfeeq, Doaa Jarah, Suzan Mbydeen, Jameeleh, Waed Swaylmeen, Zain, Ala` Hjazi, Ashar, Nadia Hasan, Dema Abd Alkareem, Dania Dhmsh, Shereen, Aseel Alsayed, Lara Harahsheh, Doaa Mhmd, Muna, Samar Taqatqa, Rasha Husain, Abeer, Manar Jwainat, Noha, Rozan, Amani, Jeelan, Suzan Musa, Aseel Abu shanab, Lubna Abd Alhafeth, Rawan Keswani, Elham, Nadeen, Dina Break.
Nisreen Abu Osba
▪ Skin of the anterior abdominal wall supplied by lower six intercostals nerves ( T7- T12 ) and first lumbar ( L1 ).
▪ Umbalical level supplied by T10.
▪ Infrasternal angel supplied by T7.
▪ L1 supply the skin above inguinal ligament(commonly involved in acr accidents).
→ pain around umbilicus is carried through T10.
PERITONEUM
• a thin serrus complete membrane that lines the walls ( inner surface ) of the abdominal cavity and the abdominal organs either completely or partially.
• it divided into two layers:
parietal layer: lining inner surface(wall) of the abdominal cavity.
visceral layer: lining abdominal organs(viscera).
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
It is a potential space between the two layers, vacuumed ( no air, no pressure )
If anything collected there as air, blood or fluid,it becomes true space.
ABDOMINAL ORGANS
• organs covered completely by peritoneum are called intraperitonial organs, these organs are highly mobile.
e.g. small intestine.
• organs covered partially by peritoneum are called retroperitoneal organs, these organs have restricted mobility.
e.g. duodenum, kidney.
AORTA
- Abdominal aorta is the direct continuation of the thoracic aorta.
- begins at aortic opening in the diaphragm at the level of T12.
- it will end at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra ( L4 )[opposite to it] by dividing into right and left common iliac artery ( CIA ).
- it gives single branches and paired branches.
Single branches are three in number:
Celiac artery.
Superior mesenteric artery ( SMA ).
Inferior mesenteric artery ( IMA ).
Mesentery: double layer of peritoneum containing arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of a specific organ.-->hilum.
Gastrointestinal System ( GIS )
It divided into:
GI tube: extending from mouth to anus.
Accessory glands: like salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
*Tube is divided into three parts(thirds):
Proximal part called FOREGUT.
Mid part called MIDGUT.
Distal part called HINDGUT.
-Each of them compose of number of organs.
▪ Foregut is supplied by celiac artery.
▪ Midgut is supplied by superior mesenteric artery.
▪ Hindgut is supplied by inferior mesenteric artery.
Esophagus
A muscular tube about 10 inches in length= 25 cm, extending from distal(lower) end of pharynx to the cardiac opening of stomach.
It is passing in three regions: neck, thorax and abdomen so it has three parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal.
Each region is responsible about arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of the part passing through it.
I want to dedicate this sheet to my friends:
Samar Alrahmeh ( wallah tobeh ☺), Amal Alhelo ( meloloppa ), Aya Bani kenana, Sawsan Tabaza, Ruba Almohtasib, Sondos Alkhateeb, Lama Jamal, Hiba Abu khairan, Rawan Alrajaby, Lubna Salameh, Rawan Ghazal, Rasha Jabra, Alaa Abd Alraouf, Doaa Abu jamea, Bayan khdoor, Rawan Saleh, Najd, Doaa Tawfeeq, Doaa Jarah, Suzan Mbydeen, Jameeleh, Waed Swaylmeen, Zain, Ala` Hjazi, Ashar, Nadia Hasan, Dema Abd Alkareem, Dania Dhmsh, Shereen, Aseel Alsayed, Lara Harahsheh, Doaa Mhmd, Muna, Samar Taqatqa, Rasha Husain, Abeer, Manar Jwainat, Noha, Rozan, Amani, Jeelan, Suzan Musa, Aseel Abu shanab, Lubna Abd Alhafeth, Rawan Keswani, Elham, Nadeen, Dina Break.
Nisreen Abu Osba
Monday, May 5, 2008
On our last embriology lecture
Our colleague Amani Hijjeh stumbled upon an animation of our last embriology lecture and she wanted to share it with us !
Click here to check it :D
Thanks Amani ... Keep 'em coming gurl !
Click here to check it :D
Thanks Amani ... Keep 'em coming gurl !
sheet no. 32
Abdomen
Extends from thorax to pelvis with the following borders:
Superior border(roof) :diaphragm
Inferior border(floor): pelvis inlet “there is no real floor” it is imaginary
.
Anterior border: anterior abdominal wall.
Posterior border: posterior abdominal wall.
There is an abdominal cavity that contain inside it abdominal organs.
………………
Costal margin:
It forms by lower end of the inter connected costal cartilage - C.C - of (rip 7- rip10).
The lowest part(end) of the C.M is marking the tip of the 10th rip(subcostal line).
The line that inter connect the tips of both 10th ribs is called subcostal line. This line located at the level of L3 vertebra.
Intertubercular line:
It is a line that connects both iliac tubercles, located at level of L5.
-So we have 2 horizontal lines:
subcostal line
Intertubercular line
**These 2 horizontal lines divide the abdomen into 3 thirds: upper third/ middle third/ lower third.
**the center of the middle third is umbilicus.
-There are also 2 vertical lines called midclavicular lines, extending from mid point of clavicle to mid point of inguinal ligament(midinguinal point).
These 2 lines divide the abdomen into 3 thirds… right/central/ left.
- the 4 lines subdivide the abdomen into 9 abdominal regions called region of references.
So We have 9 referential regions.
Anterior Abdominal wall:
Form of the following layers:
Skin.
Fatty layer of super fiscal fascia.
Membranous layer of super fiscal fascia.
muscular layer that contain 3 layers of muscles:
external oblique
internal oblique
transeversus abdominis.
5. peritonium.
-The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall in the muscular layer divide into
1] 3 peripheral pairs --->(external, internal, transeversus).
-these are flat muscles in 3 different directions to strengthen the anterior abdominal wall..
-Each has fleshy (muscular fibers) origin and (aponeurotic) insertion. Supplied segmentaly by thoracic nerves .
-Ultimate goal of 3 pairs to meet at the central line of abdomen at linea alba (white line).
linea alba:
it forms by interdigitating fibers of aponeurosis of the 3 pairs of these muscles.( is the site of the fusion of the aponeurosis of the 3 pairs)
This line extends from xiphoid process to symphysis pubis
The abdomen from out side divide into right side and left side by this line.
Act as a zipper for these muscles.
-If the fusion is not complete at linea alba the contents of the abdomen will come out (hernia).
2] one central pair --->Rectus abdominis muscles
-2 strap ( like belt)muscles on both sides of linea alba each narrow inferior , wide superior located within the aponeurosis of the peripheral muscles.
-they are innervated segmentally.
(This muscle embraced by the aponerosis of the peripheral muscles on there way to lina alba) .
***All these muscles are design for support and protection of ant. Abdominal wall.
حين يربينا الله يقول الرافعي: "ما أشبه النكبة بالبيضة تحسب سجنا لها ، وهي تحوطه وتربيه وتعينه على تمامه وليس عليه الا الصبر إلى مدة ، والرضى إلى غاية ، ثم تنقف البيضة فيخرج خلقا اخر، وما المؤمن في دنياه إلا كالفرخ في بيضته ، عمله أن يتكون فيها ، وتمامه أن ينبثق شخصه الكامل فيخرج إلى عالمه الكامل
Extends from thorax to pelvis with the following borders:
Superior border(roof) :diaphragm
Inferior border(floor): pelvis inlet “there is no real floor” it is imaginary
.
Anterior border: anterior abdominal wall.
Posterior border: posterior abdominal wall.
There is an abdominal cavity that contain inside it abdominal organs.
………………
Costal margin:
It forms by lower end of the inter connected costal cartilage - C.C - of (rip 7- rip10).
The lowest part(end) of the C.M is marking the tip of the 10th rip(subcostal line).
The line that inter connect the tips of both 10th ribs is called subcostal line. This line located at the level of L3 vertebra.
Intertubercular line:
It is a line that connects both iliac tubercles, located at level of L5.
-So we have 2 horizontal lines:
subcostal line
Intertubercular line
**These 2 horizontal lines divide the abdomen into 3 thirds: upper third/ middle third/ lower third.
**the center of the middle third is umbilicus.
-There are also 2 vertical lines called midclavicular lines, extending from mid point of clavicle to mid point of inguinal ligament(midinguinal point).
These 2 lines divide the abdomen into 3 thirds… right/central/ left.
- the 4 lines subdivide the abdomen into 9 abdominal regions called region of references.
So We have 9 referential regions.
Anterior Abdominal wall:
Form of the following layers:
Skin.
Fatty layer of super fiscal fascia.
Membranous layer of super fiscal fascia.
muscular layer that contain 3 layers of muscles:
external oblique
internal oblique
transeversus abdominis.
5. peritonium.
-The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall in the muscular layer divide into
1] 3 peripheral pairs --->(external, internal, transeversus).
-these are flat muscles in 3 different directions to strengthen the anterior abdominal wall..
-Each has fleshy (muscular fibers) origin and (aponeurotic) insertion. Supplied segmentaly by thoracic nerves .
-Ultimate goal of 3 pairs to meet at the central line of abdomen at linea alba (white line).
linea alba:
it forms by interdigitating fibers of aponeurosis of the 3 pairs of these muscles.( is the site of the fusion of the aponeurosis of the 3 pairs)
This line extends from xiphoid process to symphysis pubis
The abdomen from out side divide into right side and left side by this line.
Act as a zipper for these muscles.
-If the fusion is not complete at linea alba the contents of the abdomen will come out (hernia).
2] one central pair --->Rectus abdominis muscles
-2 strap ( like belt)muscles on both sides of linea alba each narrow inferior , wide superior located within the aponeurosis of the peripheral muscles.
-they are innervated segmentally.
(This muscle embraced by the aponerosis of the peripheral muscles on there way to lina alba) .
***All these muscles are design for support and protection of ant. Abdominal wall.
***********************
"كن كالنخلة عالية الهمة، بعيدة عن الأذى، إذا رميت بالحجارة ألقت رطبها"
"كن كالنخلة عالية الهمة، بعيدة عن الأذى، إذا رميت بالحجارة ألقت رطبها"
حين يربينا الله يقول الرافعي: "ما أشبه النكبة بالبيضة تحسب سجنا لها ، وهي تحوطه وتربيه وتعينه على تمامه وليس عليه الا الصبر إلى مدة ، والرضى إلى غاية ، ثم تنقف البيضة فيخرج خلقا اخر، وما المؤمن في دنياه إلا كالفرخ في بيضته ، عمله أن يتكون فيها ، وتمامه أن ينبثق شخصه الكامل فيخرج إلى عالمه الكامل
"
أرى البلايا تحيط المرء تحصنه
أرى البلايا تحيط المرء تحصنه
حتى لئن صح ذوب الصخر لم يذب
أو صح أن قناة الصلب قد وهنت
فلا يلين إذا ما صب في اللهب
ما حصحص الحق إلا بعدما انسلخت
من عمر يوسف أعوام من النصب
سوف يتم تشكيل دوري كرة قدم لطلاب سنة أولى وأي شيء بخصوص هذا الموضوع يرجى مراجعة أحمد حراحشة-محمد شوّاف قطيشات***
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
