sheet no. 32

Abdomen
Extends from thorax to pelvis with the following borders:


Superior border(roof) :diaphragm


Inferior border(floor): pelvis inlet “there is no real floor” it is imaginary

.
Anterior border: anterior abdominal wall.


Posterior border: posterior abdominal wall.

There is an abdominal cavity that contain inside it abdominal organs.
………………
Costal margin:


It forms by lower end of the inter connected costal cartilage - C.C - of (rip 7- rip10).


The lowest part(end) of the C.M is marking the tip of the 10th rip(subcostal line).


The line that inter connect the tips of both 10th ribs is called subcostal line. This line located at the level of L3 vertebra.


Intertubercular line:


It is a line that connects both iliac tubercles, located at level of L5.


-So we have 2 horizontal lines:


subcostal line


Intertubercular line


**These 2 horizontal lines divide the abdomen into 3 thirds: upper third/ middle third/ lower third.


**the center of the middle third is umbilicus.


-There are also 2 vertical lines called midclavicular lines, extending from mid point of clavicle to mid point of inguinal ligament(midinguinal point).
These 2 lines divide the abdomen into 3 thirds… right/central/ left.
- the 4 lines subdivide the abdomen into 9 abdominal regions called region of references.


So We have 9 referential regions.


Anterior Abdominal wall:


Form of the following layers:
Skin.
Fatty layer of super fiscal fascia.
Membranous layer of super fiscal fascia.
muscular layer that contain 3 layers of muscles:
external oblique
internal oblique
transeversus abdominis.
5. peritonium.
-The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall in the muscular layer divide into
1] 3 peripheral pairs --->(external, internal, transeversus).
-these are flat muscles in 3 different directions to strengthen the anterior abdominal wall..
-Each has fleshy (muscular fibers) origin and (aponeurotic) insertion. Supplied segmentaly by thoracic nerves .
-Ultimate goal of 3 pairs to meet at the central line of abdomen at linea alba (white line).
linea alba:
it forms by interdigitating fibers of aponeurosis of the 3 pairs of these muscles.( is the site of the fusion of the aponeurosis of the 3 pairs)
This line extends from xiphoid process to symphysis pubis
The abdomen from out side divide into right side and left side by this line.
Act as a zipper for these muscles.
-If the fusion is not complete at linea alba the contents of the abdomen will come out (hernia).
2] one central pair --->Rectus abdominis muscles
-2 strap ( like belt)muscles on both sides of linea alba each narrow inferior , wide superior located within the aponeurosis of the peripheral muscles.
-they are innervated segmentally.
(This muscle embraced by the aponerosis of the peripheral muscles on there way to lina alba) .
***All these muscles are design for support and protection of ant. Abdominal wall.

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"كن كالنخلة عالية الهمة، بعيدة عن الأذى، إذا رميت بالحجارة ألقت رطبها"

حين يربينا الله يقول الرافعي: "ما أشبه النكبة بالبيضة تحسب سجنا لها ، وهي تحوطه وتربيه وتعينه على تمامه وليس عليه الا الصبر إلى مدة ، والرضى إلى غاية ، ثم تنقف البيضة فيخرج خلقا اخر، وما المؤمن في دنياه إلا كالفرخ في بيضته ، عمله أن يتكون فيها ، وتمامه أن ينبثق شخصه الكامل فيخرج إلى عالمه الكامل

"
أرى البلايا تحيط المرء تحصنه

حتى لئن صح ذوب الصخر لم يذب

أو صح أن قناة الصلب قد وهنت

فلا يلين إذا ما صب في اللهب

ما حصحص الحق إلا بعدما انسلخت

من عمر يوسف أعوام من النصب

سوف يتم تشكيل دوري كرة قدم لطلاب سنة أولى وأي شيء بخصوص هذا الموضوع يرجى مراجعة أحمد حراحشة-محمد شوّاف قطيشات***