sheet no.25

♦The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae,

They are named according to region:
-cervical 7 in number(C1-C7)--->uppers▲shape/lowers ●
-thoracic 12 in number(T1-T12)
-lumbar 5 in number(L1-L5)--->▲shape
-sacral 5 in number(S1-S5)
-coccygeal 4 in number

some of them are typical and some of them are atypical
the typical vertebra consist of :

-body (anteriorly) for weight bearing
-vertebral arch (posteriorly) for protection of spinal cord

♦Specific features of thoracic vertebra:

-body: heart shaped with 2 superior facets for articula
tion ribs of same number, and 2 inferior facets for next number ribs--->[4 facets on each vertebra]
Vertebral foramen: circular in shape, for spinal cord-


♦Vertebral Arch

Consist of the following parts:
-2 pedicles
-2 lamina (right and left)
-Transverse process: extending at the meeting point between pedicle and lamina, in thoracic vertebra has a facet to articulate with the ribs of the same number.
-spinous process: form by the union of 2 lamini, , in thoracic vertebrae it is oblique

♦Intercostal spaces(not above R1 or belowR12)

Spaces between 2 sequential ribs, they are 11 in number,
They contains 3 intercostal muscles, and contains intercostal (V,A,N)
Inter costal muscles: they are 3 in number(in 3 layers)
-1st external intercostal
-2nd internal intercostal
-3rd innermost intercostal

They are muscles of respiration, their function to make the intercostal space rigid during inhale, all supplied by their own intercostal nerve, and supplied segmentally and sequentially from superior to inferior

*Neuro vascular bundle is passing within costal groove between internal and inner most layers(2nd and 3rd layers)

♦Thoracic cavity: extending from thoracic inlet to outlet, consists of :
-mediastinum (central part), power station of thorax, for supply,contains vital organs moving in harmony with each others and their neighbors.

-2 pleural sacs: which contains lungs inside

♦Lungs: they are 2 in number, located inside pleural sacs,
Lungs are pyramidal in shape, soft and spongy organs,
They are organs of respiration

♦Pleural sacs are a complete continuous sacs which was invaginated by the growing lung, its divided into 2 parts:

-viscera pleural: covering the lungs it self

-parietal pleura: that lines the inner surface of thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity: potential space between the 2 previous layers,
There is no air inside, and no pressure inside,

To allow the lung move freely

**N.B:if there is air inside we may have what we call air collapse
**N.B:2/3 heart is on left side----1/3 on right side



27LA TA7EYE LA 27LA SHBABB BEL JAM3A

FROM MEDICAL SCHOOL: A7md 2bo-7lawe, yazeed al-naif,5aled 7ajjir,mo2ayyad kettane(7abebe 3la 6ool), yazeed qayseye, Amjd 3ayyash(el za3eem),osama 5aleel, 7amze jassar, A7md al shalabi, 3omar el 7aj, m7md al faqeeh, qusai al 3azam(my heart),A7md 2bo 5deje, yazan 3toom,
Nidal matani (arsenal to the bone), Ibrahim 2bo deye, ibrahim al 9a3idi, A7md al 7ne6e, 9ohaib el 3badi, m7md qteshat, hmam ryalat, 7azem 2bo 39be, m7md taiseer,m7md 3bood, sami 3abdeen, A7md el 3esa,
3bd el rahman 3attili, Ayman d3ja, A7md 7ara7sheh, rami salame, aA7md 3abed, mo3ath el zo3bi, martin qaqeesh, 3'aleb 5erfan,3mr 5leely,
M7md bder, m7md 2bo haneye, zaid qandeel,m7md sboo3, 3amer 7jaj, mo2men k7aleh, Bandar, 5aled, m7md qawasmeh, 3'assan mbarak.

☺** (mo2ayad kettane)** ☺

*From another faculty :*Muhannad bdair*,wa2el 3lawne,nusaibah al-jalodi,3la2 el 8asi
☺ 3omar sumrien (koko al da3eef 9a7eb al 2nyab al 7adde) ☺
,m7md fozi,3la2 7(2),m7md shareef, a7md 3ode, zaid jayyosi

Form 2nd year: Na9er 3'raybeh
mazen sha3ban, 7osam 7awamde,3omar samee7, 7amze sumrien, mu3taz sha3ban, mo3ath 5ader, 5aled, feras qaqa, 3abdallha nsour, 7sain qudah, 3omar abu s3oud, me9ba7 el7anbaly, m7md bor3'ol , anas 7ijawi

And slam 5a9 la wa7sh el ente5abat
☼ I love you all, I thank you all ☼
With best wishes

Ma'moun Shaban