Layers of the lower limb
1.skin
2.superficial fascia its thick, contains:
- large amount of fat
- two superficial veins and there tributaries
- three superficial arteries
- lymph nodes (inguinal lymph nodes)
- cutaneous ( skin) nerves.
- two superficial veins (like cephalic and basilic veins in upper limb):
1. great saphenous vein:
- the longest vein in the body
- start at the medial side of the foot → pass anterior to medial malleolus → ascend up to med. Side of the leg → ascend up to medioposterior aspect of the knee → ascend anteriomedial to the thigh → passing through saphenous opening → end into femural vein.
- it is accompanied by saphenous nerve(longest nerve in the body)
- it’s the vein that used for coronary transplant(coronary artery bipass operation à as spare part)
Because it’s the longest vein, and deep veins will take over, and there is a communication between superficial and deep veins
- the part of great saphenous vein at ant. of med.malleolus is used instead of median cubital vein (when we cant find it) to give drugs or food.
2. small saphenous vein
- Started at lateral side of the foot → behind lat.malleolus → post. Surface of the leg → end at the popliteal vein (the father of femoral vein, it continues as femoral vein)
- its accompanied by sural nerve
Remember that cephalic vein end at the end of axilary vein*
Remember basilic vein end at the beginning of axilary vein*
And also
g.saphenous v end at the end of femoral v*
*s.saphenous v end at the beginning of femoral v
- each of them contain numerous valves to convey blood against the gravity by aiding of soleus muscle.
- If some of the valves become incompetent it will be dilated and then become tortous (winding) and painful which called varicose veins (caused by: repeated pregnancy, standing for along time, heavy weight…)
- The only veins in the body which don’t have valves are the veins of the face.
3.Deep Fascia
- Its like a panty hose (tight trouser), holding all structures of the lower limb
- Its thickened lateral forming iliotibial tract which confirm full extension of the knee, so you cant stay in a full extension for along time.
- its defected superomedial forming an open called saphenous open for the entrance of g.saphenous v
- It gives 3 intermuscular septa (med, lat, posterior) attached to linea aspera of the femur dividing the thigh into 3 compartments (ant. Extensors of knee/ med. Adductors of hip/ post. Flexors of knee ) each has its own muscles, arteries, veins , nerves and common action, these compartments are:
a. anterior compartment consists of 8 muscles :
1.Sartorius : tailors muscle, the longest muscle in the body
O: asis (lat.)
ins: tibia(med.).
Ac: cross knees
2.quadriceps femores : which consists of 4 muscles :
a.rectus femoris
b.vastus medialis: it prevent separation of patella laterally
c.vastus lateralis
d.vastus intermedius (below vastus lateralis)
3.iliacus:
o: iliac fossa
ins: lesser trochanter
4.psoas major (p is silent)
5.pectineus (comb- like)
O: sup.pubic ramus
Ins: linea aspera
Ac: adduction Assist in flexion
- Most of these muscles are supplied by femoral nerve
- All are supplied by femoral artery
- All are drained by femoral vein
- 3 and 4: prime flexors the hip
- 1 weakly flex the hip
- quadriceps muscles prime extensors of the knee
Finally I'd like to dedicate this sheet to all my colleagues in medicine faculty , specially :
M7md 3ssaf, Tamer albatsh, Khaled aldayne, Moadh alz3bi, Rami salame, Fadi halsa, Bilal samhory, Na2l haddad, M7md almomani, 7mze jassar, Yazan 3toom, M7moud wajeh, M7md 3awad, Abdelrahman alkhatib, Omar abu qamar, Qasim pu3ol…
done by :
Basheer Zghoul
1.skin
2.superficial fascia its thick, contains:
- large amount of fat
- two superficial veins and there tributaries
- three superficial arteries
- lymph nodes (inguinal lymph nodes)
- cutaneous ( skin) nerves.
- two superficial veins (like cephalic and basilic veins in upper limb):
1. great saphenous vein:
- the longest vein in the body
- start at the medial side of the foot → pass anterior to medial malleolus → ascend up to med. Side of the leg → ascend up to medioposterior aspect of the knee → ascend anteriomedial to the thigh → passing through saphenous opening → end into femural vein.
- it is accompanied by saphenous nerve(longest nerve in the body)
- it’s the vein that used for coronary transplant(coronary artery bipass operation à as spare part)
Because it’s the longest vein, and deep veins will take over, and there is a communication between superficial and deep veins
- the part of great saphenous vein at ant. of med.malleolus is used instead of median cubital vein (when we cant find it) to give drugs or food.
2. small saphenous vein
- Started at lateral side of the foot → behind lat.malleolus → post. Surface of the leg → end at the popliteal vein (the father of femoral vein, it continues as femoral vein)
- its accompanied by sural nerve
Remember that cephalic vein end at the end of axilary vein*
Remember basilic vein end at the beginning of axilary vein*
And also
g.saphenous v end at the end of femoral v*
*s.saphenous v end at the beginning of femoral v
- each of them contain numerous valves to convey blood against the gravity by aiding of soleus muscle.
- If some of the valves become incompetent it will be dilated and then become tortous (winding) and painful which called varicose veins (caused by: repeated pregnancy, standing for along time, heavy weight…)
- The only veins in the body which don’t have valves are the veins of the face.
3.Deep Fascia
- Its like a panty hose (tight trouser), holding all structures of the lower limb
- Its thickened lateral forming iliotibial tract which confirm full extension of the knee, so you cant stay in a full extension for along time.
- its defected superomedial forming an open called saphenous open for the entrance of g.saphenous v
- It gives 3 intermuscular septa (med, lat, posterior) attached to linea aspera of the femur dividing the thigh into 3 compartments (ant. Extensors of knee/ med. Adductors of hip/ post. Flexors of knee ) each has its own muscles, arteries, veins , nerves and common action, these compartments are:
a. anterior compartment consists of 8 muscles :
1.Sartorius : tailors muscle, the longest muscle in the body
O: asis (lat.)
ins: tibia(med.).
Ac: cross knees
2.quadriceps femores : which consists of 4 muscles :
a.rectus femoris
b.vastus medialis: it prevent separation of patella laterally
c.vastus lateralis
d.vastus intermedius (below vastus lateralis)
3.iliacus:
o: iliac fossa
ins: lesser trochanter
4.psoas major (p is silent)
5.pectineus (comb- like)
O: sup.pubic ramus
Ins: linea aspera
Ac: adduction Assist in flexion
- Most of these muscles are supplied by femoral nerve
- All are supplied by femoral artery
- All are drained by femoral vein
- 3 and 4: prime flexors the hip
- 1 weakly flex the hip
- quadriceps muscles prime extensors of the knee
Finally I'd like to dedicate this sheet to all my colleagues in medicine faculty , specially :
M7md 3ssaf, Tamer albatsh, Khaled aldayne, Moadh alz3bi, Rami salame, Fadi halsa, Bilal samhory, Na2l haddad, M7md almomani, 7mze jassar, Yazan 3toom, M7moud wajeh, M7md 3awad, Abdelrahman alkhatib, Omar abu qamar, Qasim pu3ol…
done by :
Basheer Zghoul
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